初始化数据库，如下两种方案，可以同时使用
方案一：
https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/4.0/howto/initial-data/
方案二：
https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/4.0/howto/custom-management-commands/

必须定义 Command 类，该类继承自 BaseCommand 

  1. polls/
  2.     __init__.py
  3.     models.py
  4.     management/
  5.         __init__.py
  6.         commands/
  7.             __init__.py
  8.             _private.py
  9.             closepoll.py
  10.     tests.py
  11.     views.py

自定义管理命令

  1. python manage.py closepoll <poll_ids>
  1. polls/
  2.     __init__.py
  3.     models.py
  4.     management/
  5.         __init__.py
  6.         commands/
  7.             __init__.py
  8.             _private.py
  9.             closepoll.py
  10.     tests.py
  11.     views.py
  1. from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
  2. from polls.models import Question as Poll
  4. class Command(BaseCommand):
  5.     help = 'Closes the specified poll for voting'
  7.     def add_arguments(self, parser):
  8.         parser.add_argument('poll_ids', nargs='+', type=int)
  10.     def handle(self, *args, **options):
  11.         for poll_id in options['poll_ids']:
  12.             try:
  13.                 poll = Poll.objects.get(pk=poll_id)
  14.             except Poll.DoesNotExist:
  15.                 raise CommandError('Poll "%s" does not exist' % poll_id)
  17.             poll.opened = False
  18.             poll.save()
  20.             self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS('Successfully closed poll "%s"' % poll_id))

必选参数

  1. def add_arguments(self, parser):
  2.       parser.add_argument('poll_ids', nargs='+', type=int)

必选参数的使用

  1. def handle(self, *args, **options):
  2.     poll_ids = options['poll_ids']

可选参数

  1. def add_arguments(self, parser):
  2.     parser.add_argument(
  3.         '--delete',
  4.         action='store_true',
  5.         help='Delete poll instead of closing it',
  6.     )

可选参数的使用

  1. def handle(self, *args, **options):
  2.     # ...
  3.     if options['delete']:
  4.         poll.delete()

输出到控制台时使用self.stdout.write代替print

  1. self.stdout.write("Unterminated line")

注意

当add_argument方法增加的参数名中包含连字符时，例如：

  1. parser.add_argument(
  2.     '--force-color', action='store_true',
  3.     help='Force colorization of the command output.',
  4. )

在handle方法中使用时，应该将连字符转为下划线，例如:

  1. options['force_color']

相关文档

Argparse 教程
https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/howto/argparse.html
Argparse API
https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/argparse.html
add_argument方法
https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method