1. 传统表单提交与AJAX比较
1.1 Form表单
<form action="/form.html" method="post"><input type="text" name="username" placeholder="username" /><input type="password" name="password" placeholder="password" /><input type="submit" /></form>
- 它支持持GET和POST类型
- 提交数据后页面会刷新,用户体验差
1.2 AJAX
- 概念
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (异步的JavaScript 和 XML) - 使用内置的
XMLHttpRequest和fetch对象,实现和服务器的交互 - 交互数据时不需要刷新数据,用户体验好
1.2.1 XMLHttpRequest
GET 请求
- 创建对象
- 配置参数
- 绑定事件
- 发送请求
let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()xhr.open('GET', url, true)xhr.onload = function(){}xhr.send()
方法1
let url = 'http://xxx.xxx.com/api/blog/list'let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()xhr.open('GET', url, true)xhr.onreadystatechange = () => {if (xhr.readyState === 4) {if ((xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) || xhr.status === 304) {console.log(JSON.parse(xhr.responseText))} else {console.log('数据错误')}}}xhr.onerror = () => {console.log('网络异常')}xhr.send()
方法2
let url = 'http://xxx.xxx.com/api/blog/list'let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()xhr.open('GET', url, true)xhr.onload = () => {if ((xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) || xhr.status === 304) {console.log(xhr.response)} else {console.log('数据错误')}}xhr.onerror = () => {console.log('网络异常')}xhr.send()
POST 请求
let url = 'http://xxx.xxx.com/api/user/login'let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()xhr.timeout = 3000 // 设置请求超时时间xhr.open('POST', url, true)xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')xhr.onload = () => {if ((xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) || xhr.status === 304) {console.log(JSON.parse(xhr.responseTest))} else {console.log('数据错误')}}xhr.ontimeout = () => {console.log('请求超时')}xhr.onerror = () => {console.log('网络异常')}xhr.send('username=layouwen&password=123456')
简单的封装
const request = (url, params, onsuccess, onerror) => {url = url + '?' + Object.entries(params).map(arr=>arr[0] + '=' + arr[1]).join('&')let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()xhr.open('POST', url, true)xhr.onload = () => {if (xhr.status === 200 || xhr.status === 304) {onsuccess(JSON.parse(xhr.responseText))} else {onerror()}}xhr.onerror = onerrorxhr.send()}request('http://www.xxx.com/api/user/login', {username: 'layouwen',passowrd: '123456'}, data => {console.log('请求成功', data)}, () => {console.log('网络异常')})
1.2.2 Post请求编码方式
两个常用的
application/x-www-form-urlencoded
- 参数变为
key1=value1&key2=value2的形式
multipart/form-data
- 一般用于上传文件使用
multipart/form-data
let formData = new FormData()formData.append('username', 'layouwen')formData.appedn('password', '123456')let url = 'http://www.xxx.com/api/user/login'let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()xhr.open('POST', url, true)xhr.onload = () => {if (xhr.status === 200 || xhr.status === 304) {console.log(JSON.parse(xhr.responseText))} else {console.log('接口异常')}}xhr.send(formData)
1.2.3 fetch
GET
let url = 'http://www.xxx.com/api/blog/list'fetch(url).then(response => response.json()).then(data => {document.body.innerText = data.results[0].weather_data[0].weather})
POST
let url = 'http://www.xxx.com/api/user/login'let data = {username: 'layouwen',password: '123456'}fetch(url, {method: 'POST',body: Object.entries(data).map(arr=>arr[0] + '=' + arr[1]).join('&')headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}}).then(res=>res.json()).catch(error => {console.log('Error', error)}).then(response => {console.log('Success', response)})
更多用法 https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API/Using_Fetch
2. 双工通信
2.1 轮询
每隔一段时间发一次请求
- 发请求,立即响应,返回空
- 发请求,立即响应,返回新数据
- 发请求,立即响应,返回数据为空
- 发请求,立即响应,返回数据为空
……
gitee案例
chat-xhr-poll
2.2 长轮询(Comet)
客户端
- 发请求,等待响应
- 当响应时,再次发送请求
服务端
- 请求到来,如果没新数据,则不发
- 当有新数据,需要通知客户端,再响应
gitee案例
chat-comet
2.3 WebSocket
gitee案例
chat-websocket
