一、网关基本概念
1、API网关介绍
API 网关出现的原因是微服务架构的出现,不同的微服务一般会有不同的网络地址,而外部客户端可能需要调用多个服务的接口才能完成一个业务需求,如果让客户端直接与各个微服务通信,会有以下的问题:
(1)客户端会多次请求不同的微服务,增加了客户端的复杂性。
(2)存在跨域请求,在一定场景下处理相对复杂。
(3)认证复杂,每个服务都需要独立认证。
(4)难以重构,随着项目的迭代,可能需要重新划分微服务。例如,可能将多个服务合并成一个或者将一个服务拆分成多个。如果客户端直接与微服务通信,那么重构将会很难实施。
(5)某些微服务可能使用了防火墙 / 浏览器不友好的协议,直接访问会有一定的困难。
以上这些问题可以借助 API 网关解决。API 网关是介于客户端和服务器端之间的中间层,所有的外部请求都会先经过 API 网关这一层。也就是说,API 的实现方面更多的考虑业务逻辑,而安全、性能、监控可以交由 API 网关来做,这样既提高业务灵活性又不缺安全性
2、Spring Cloud Gateway
Spring cloud gateway是spring官方基于Spring 5.0、Spring Boot2.0和Project Reactor等技术开发的网关,Spring Cloud Gateway旨在为微服务架构提供简单、有效和统一的API路由管理方式,Spring Cloud Gateway作为Spring Cloud生态系统中的网关,目标是替代Netflix Zuul,其不仅提供统一的路由方式,并且还基于Filer链的方式提供了网关基本的功能,例如:安全、监控/埋点、限流等。
3、Spring Cloud Gateway核心概念
网关提供API全托管服务,丰富的API管理功能,辅助企业管理大规模的API,以降低管理成本和安全风险,包括协议适配、协议转发、安全策略、防刷、流量、监控日志等贡呢。一般来说网关对外暴露的URL或者接口信息,我们统称为路由信息。如果研发过网关中间件或者使用过Zuul的人,会知道网关的核心是Filter以及Filter Chain(Filter责任链)。Sprig Cloud Gateway也具有路由和Filter的概念。下面介绍一下Spring Cloud Gateway中几个重要的概念。
(1)路由。路由是网关最基础的部分,路由信息有一个ID、一个目的URL、一组断言和一组Filter组成。如果断言路由为真,则说明请求的URL和配置匹配
(2)断言。Java8中的断言函数。Spring Cloud Gateway中的断言函数输入类型是Spring5.0框架中的ServerWebExchange。Spring Cloud Gateway中的断言函数允许开发者去定义匹配来自于http request中的任何信息,比如请求头和参数等。
(3)过滤器。一个标准的Spring webFilter。Spring cloud gateway中的filter分为两种类型的Filter,分别是Gateway Filter和Global Filter。过滤器Filter将会对请求和响应进行修改处理
如上图所示,Spring cloud Gateway发出请求。然后再由Gateway Handler Mapping中找到与请求相匹配的路由,将其发送到Gateway web handler。Handler再通过指定的过滤器链将请求发送到我们实际的服务执行业务逻辑,然后返回。
二、创建api-gateway模块(网关服务)
1、在infrastructure模块下创建api_gateway模块

2、在pom.xml引入依赖
<dependencies><dependency><groupId>com.atguigu</groupId><artifactId>common_utils</artifactId><version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId></dependency><!--gson--><dependency><groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId><artifactId>gson</artifactId></dependency><!--服务调用--><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId></dependency></dependencies>
3、编写application.properties配置文件
# 服务端口server.port=8222# 服务名spring.application.name=service-gateway# nacos服务地址spring.cloud.nacos.discovery.server-addr=127.0.0.1:8848#使用服务发现路由spring.cloud.gateway.discovery.locator.enabled=true#服务路由名小写#spring.cloud.gateway.discovery.locator.lower-case-service-id=true#设置路由idspring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].id=service-acl#设置路由的urispring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].uri=lb://service-acl#设置路由断言,代理servicerId为auth-service的/auth/路径spring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].predicates= Path=/*/acl/**#配置service-edu服务spring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].id=service-eduspring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].uri=lb://service-eduspring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].predicates= Path=/eduservice/**#配置service-ucenter服务spring.cloud.gateway.routes[2].id=service-ucenterspring.cloud.gateway.routes[2].uri=lb://service-ucenterspring.cloud.gateway.routes[2].predicates= Path=/ucenterservice/**#配置service-ucenter服务spring.cloud.gateway.routes[3].id=service-cmsspring.cloud.gateway.routes[3].uri=lb://service-cmsspring.cloud.gateway.routes[3].predicates= Path=/cmsservice/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[4].id=service-msmspring.cloud.gateway.routes[4].uri=lb://service-msmspring.cloud.gateway.routes[4].predicates= Path=/edumsm/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[5].id=service-orderspring.cloud.gateway.routes[5].uri=lb://service-orderspring.cloud.gateway.routes[5].predicates= Path=/orderservice/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[6].id=service-orderspring.cloud.gateway.routes[6].uri=lb://service-orderspring.cloud.gateway.routes[6].predicates= Path=/orderservice/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[7].id=service-ossspring.cloud.gateway.routes[7].uri=lb://service-ossspring.cloud.gateway.routes[7].predicates= Path=/eduoss/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[8].id=service-statisticspring.cloud.gateway.routes[8].uri=lb://service-statisticspring.cloud.gateway.routes[8].predicates= Path=/staservice/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[9].id=service-vodspring.cloud.gateway.routes[9].uri=lb://service-vodspring.cloud.gateway.routes[9].predicates= Path=/eduvod/**spring.cloud.gateway.routes[10].id=service-eduspring.cloud.gateway.routes[10].uri=lb://service-eduspring.cloud.gateway.routes[10].predicates= Path=/eduuser/**
yml文件:
server:port: 8222spring:application:cloud:gateway:discovery:locator:enabled: trueroutes:- id: SERVICE-ACLuri: lb://SERVICE-ACLpredicates:- Path=/*/acl/** # 路径匹配- id: SERVICE-EDUuri: lb://SERVICE-EDUpredicates:- Path=/eduservice/** # 路径匹配- id: SERVICE-UCENTERuri: lb://SERVICE-UCENTERpredicates:- Path=/ucenter/** # 路径匹配nacos:discovery:server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
4、编写启动类
@SpringBootApplicationpublic class ApiGatewayApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(ApiGatewayApplication.class, args);}}
三、网关相关配置
1、网关解决跨域问题
(1)创建配置类

@Configurationpublic class CorsConfig {@Beanpublic CorsWebFilter corsFilter() {CorsConfiguration config = new CorsConfiguration();config.addAllowedMethod("*");config.addAllowedOrigin("*");config.addAllowedHeader("*");UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource source = new UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource(new PathPatternParser());source.registerCorsConfiguration("/**", config);return new CorsWebFilter(source);}}
2、全局Filter,统一处理会员登录与外部不允许访问的服务

import com.google.gson.JsonObject;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;import org.springframework.core.Ordered;import org.springframework.core.io.buffer.DataBuffer;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import org.springframework.util.AntPathMatcher;import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;import java.util.List;/*** <p>* 全局Filter,统一处理会员登录与外部不允许访问的服务* </p>*/@Componentpublic class AuthGlobalFilter implements GlobalFilter, Ordered {private AntPathMatcher antPathMatcher = new AntPathMatcher();@Overridepublic Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();String path = request.getURI().getPath();//谷粒学院api接口,校验用户必须登录if(antPathMatcher.match("/api/**/auth/**", path)) {List<String> tokenList = request.getHeaders().get("token");if(null == tokenList) {ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();return out(response);} else {// Boolean isCheck = JwtUtils.checkToken(tokenList.get(0));// if(!isCheck) {ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();return out(response);// }}}//内部服务接口,不允许外部访问if(antPathMatcher.match("/**/inner/**", path)) {ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();return out(response);}return chain.filter(exchange);}@Overridepublic int getOrder() {return 0;}private Mono<Void> out(ServerHttpResponse response) {JsonObject message = new JsonObject();message.addProperty("success", false);message.addProperty("code", 28004);message.addProperty("data", "鉴权失败");byte[] bits = message.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);DataBuffer buffer = response.bufferFactory().wrap(bits);//response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);//指定编码,否则在浏览器中会中文乱码response.getHeaders().add("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");return response.writeWith(Mono.just(buffer));}}
3、自定义异常处理
服务网关调用服务时可能会有一些异常或服务不可用,它返回错误信息不友好,需要我们覆盖处理
ErrorHandlerConfig:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.ObjectProvider;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ResourceProperties;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties;import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties;import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes;import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorWebExceptionHandler;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.core.Ordered;import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;import org.springframework.http.codec.ServerCodecConfigurer;import org.springframework.web.reactive.result.view.ViewResolver;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.List;/*** 覆盖默认的异常处理**/@Configuration@EnableConfigurationProperties({ServerProperties.class, ResourceProperties.class})public class ErrorHandlerConfig {private final ServerProperties serverProperties;private final ApplicationContext applicationContext;private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;private final List<ViewResolver> viewResolvers;private final ServerCodecConfigurer serverCodecConfigurer;public ErrorHandlerConfig(ServerProperties serverProperties,ResourceProperties resourceProperties,ObjectProvider<List<ViewResolver>> viewResolversProvider,ServerCodecConfigurer serverCodecConfigurer,ApplicationContext applicationContext) {this.serverProperties = serverProperties;this.applicationContext = applicationContext;this.resourceProperties = resourceProperties;this.viewResolvers = viewResolversProvider.getIfAvailable(Collections::emptyList);this.serverCodecConfigurer = serverCodecConfigurer;}@Bean@Order(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)public ErrorWebExceptionHandler errorWebExceptionHandler(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes) {JsonExceptionHandler exceptionHandler = new JsonExceptionHandler(errorAttributes,this.resourceProperties,this.serverProperties.getError(),this.applicationContext);exceptionHandler.setViewResolvers(this.viewResolvers);exceptionHandler.setMessageWriters(this.serverCodecConfigurer.getWriters());exceptionHandler.setMessageReaders(this.serverCodecConfigurer.getReaders());return exceptionHandler;}}
JsonExceptionHandler:
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorProperties;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ResourceProperties;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.reactive.error.DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler;import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.*;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;/*** 自定义异常处理** <p>异常时用JSON代替HTML异常信息<p>**/public class JsonExceptionHandler extends DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler {public JsonExceptionHandler(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes, ResourceProperties resourceProperties,ErrorProperties errorProperties, ApplicationContext applicationContext) {super(errorAttributes, resourceProperties, errorProperties, applicationContext);}/*** 获取异常属性*/@Overrideprotected Map<String, Object> getErrorAttributes(ServerRequest request, boolean includeStackTrace) {Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();map.put("success", false);map.put("code", 20005);map.put("message", "网关失败");map.put("data", null);return map;}/*** 指定响应处理方法为JSON处理的方法* @param errorAttributes*/@Overrideprotected RouterFunction<ServerResponse> getRoutingFunction(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes) {return RouterFunctions.route(RequestPredicates.all(), this::renderErrorResponse);}/*** 根据code获取对应的HttpStatus* @param errorAttributes*/@Overrideprotected HttpStatus getHttpStatus(Map<String, Object> errorAttributes) {return HttpStatus.OK;}}


